Concept of Flexibility in Architecture

Concept of Flexibility in Architecture 1.0 Introduction An Overview Of The Terminology And The Conceptual Framework This chapter aims to define the meaning of the term ‘flexibility’, †Adaptability’ and ‘typological variety’ are the other concepts that related to ‘flexibility’. Both N.John Habraken (2008) and Tatjana Schneider and Jeremy Till (2007) mention that flexibility and adaptability have overlapping meanings,but the colloquial and the technical meaning can provide a departure point for their clarification and the conceptual framework of the study. The meaning of the typological variety is more obvious, it points to freedom of choice (Duygu Albostan, 2009) The English colloquial usage of the word â€Å"flexibility† is : capabilities of being bent,pliancy. Susceptibility of modification or alteration; capacity for readily adaptation to various purposes or conditions;freedom from stiffness or rigidity. (Oxford English Dictionary Online,2009) It is important to refer professional or researchers who point out the technical meanings of the concept of flexibility ,according to their changing senses over time. Andrew Rabeneck, David Sheppard and Peter Town published two articles related to flexibility and adaptability. The articled entitled â€Å"Housing Flexibility† (1973) and â€Å"Housing Flexibility/Adaptability?† (1974) â€Å"Flexibility†is proposed against â€Å"tight-fit functionalism† (p.698) They introduced the term †tight-fit functionalism† that refers to the unhealthy situation of mass housing in the twentieth century of Europe.They explain it as miniaturized living areas with the cell types rooms which do not allow any changes(1973,p.698) The unsuccessful attempts in flexibility are criticized for they may lead to what they call the ‘fallacy of freedom through control†.(1973,p.701) Flexibility housing should be capable of offering â€Å"choice† and â€Å"personalization†. (1973,p.701) Rabeneck, Sheppard and Town involve the scope of flexibility in housing project. They see flexibility as a tool to make the minimal housing environments capable of offering for ‘choice’ and ‘personalization’. They criticize flexibility can lead to too technical or complicated housing projects. The adaptability approach,in contrast to the flexible,emphasizes planning and layout rather than constructional technique and services distribution.It is based on carefully considered variations in room sizes, relationship between rooms,slightly generous openings between spaces and little overt expression of room function.(Rabeneck, Sheppard Town, 1974, p.86) Rabeneck, Sheppard and Town claim that flexibility relates to design decisions about the permanent and fixed parts of the building:the structural system and service spaces, whilst adaptability related to consideration about the architectural layouts of the remaining spaces such as the organization of the rooms, their dimensions, the relation between the rooms and their functions. The concept of flexibility deals with the ‘constructional technique and services distribution†. (1974, p.86) As previous, they claim the flexibility related to structural system and services spaces, in â€Å"Housing Flexibility/Adaptability?† (1974) they again emphasize on the construction technique and the position of service spaces. They also compare the flexibility with adaptability. They claim that adaptability more towards the architectural layout. Herman Hertzberger emphasized the importance of the concept of flexibility in architectural design in his book entitled Lessons for Students in Architecture (1991). According to Hertzberger flexibility suggest and open-ended solution,which refers to what is called ‘rhetotic value’of flexibility that defines by Schneider and Till (2005). Flexibility signifies-since there is no single solution that is preferable to all others-the absolute denial of a fixed, clearcut standpoint. The flexible plan starts out from the certainly that correct solution does not exist Although a flexible set-up admittedly adapts itself to each change as it presents itself, it can never be the best and most suitable to any one problem;it can at any given moment provide any solution but most appropriate one. (1991, p.146) From Hertzberger’s perspective, flexibility refers to the caple of proposing different solutions for diverse users with no certain single solution but most appropriate one. He discussed flexibility in a different perspective by introducing the term ‘polyvalence’ which means a characteristic of a static form, a form that can be put into different users without having undergo changes itself, so that a minimal flexibility can still produce an optimal solution. (1991, p.147) Steven Groà ¡k discussed the difference between flexibility between flexibility and adaptability from a different perspective in his book entitled The Idea Of Building: Though and Action in the Design and Production of Buildings (1992). The spatial organization and internal environment may be suitable for only a limited array of uses. Here we should distinguish between ‘adaptability’, taken to means †capable of different social uses†, and â€Å"flexibility†, taken to means â€Å"capability of different physical arrangement†. The building’s capacity for accommodating changed uses will depend on the extent to which it is adaptable and/or flexible. (Groà ¡k, 1992, p.15-17) Groà ¡k tries to explain the the adaptability related to the use of space whilst flexibility refers to different physical arrangement.He emphasize that flexibility is valid not only for interior but also for the exterior adjustments. In this respect,it can be inferred that Groà ¡k agrees with the definition of Rabeneck, Sheppard and Town. Gerard Maccreanor explained the relation between the concepts of flexibility and adaptability by emphasizing the flexibility includes adaptability as well.(1998) Flexibility is a â€Å"designed idea that leads to the collapse of the traditional layout†. (1998, p.40) Adaptability is a different way of viewing flexibility.The adaptable building is both transfunctional and multifunctional and must be allow the possibility of changing use; living into working,working into leisure or as a container of several uses simultaneously. Adaptability is not primarily concerned with a designed idea of flexibility based on the collapse of the traditional layout. An apparent robust identity and enduring presence within an urban context is required that allows the building to cope with future needs and changing conditions. (Maccreanor, 1998, p.40) Flexibility has for a long time been a subject of interest for architects. In the years to follow this resulted in many buildings with open, changeable planning around fixed service cores.One conclusion is that flexibility doesn’t simply imply the necessity of endless change and breakdown of accepted formula. On the contrary, the buildings that have proven to be the most adaptable, were those not originally planned for flexibility. (Maccreanor, 1998, p.40) Maccreanor points out flexibility is neither a characteristic of indeterminate space that allows â€Å"endless change†, nor is it a characteristic of detrminate space with too much technical equipments.In other words, if architects leave thir buildings open for infinitely different solutions for the users;they lead to â€Å"open-endedness † (Scheneider Till, 2005, p.158) and â€Å"uncertainty† (Hertzberger, 1991, p.117). By the same token,if architects put more emphasis on flexibility through building with movable partition, they will create â€Å"false neutrality† as a result of too much technical or strictly defined spaces (Schneider Till, Theory, 2005, p.158). They are the two controversial approaches to flexibility in architectural design that belong rather to â€Å"the rhetoric of flexibility† by Schneider Till (2007, p.5) Gerard Maccreanor has a different view about flexibility. He said that flexibility does not imply ‘an endless change’. He also asserted that the building which are not originally design for flexibility, can be the most adaptable one. Adrian Forty (2000) deals with flexibility as an issue that requires long-term thinking in architectural design. The incorporation of â€Å"flexibility† into the design allowed architects the illusion of projecting their control over the building into the future, beyond the period of their actual responsibility for it. (Forty, 2000, p.143) The confusion in meaning of â€Å"flexibility† is based on two contradictory roles: †it has served to extend functionalism and so make it variable† and â€Å"it has been employed to resist functionalism. (200, p.148)

Nationalism of the Roundhouse Kick: Traditional Japanese Martial Arts

There are many aspects of Japanese culture and society that make it one of the most well-liked countries in the world today, at least according to the Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brands Index. The technological innovations stemming from the country and the reputation of companies such as Honda, Toyota, Nintendo, and Sony make for an international focus on Japan’s industrial prowess. Added to that is the ever-rising popularity of manga and anime, and altogether, they form a strong nationalist feeling in Japan, yet entirely different from the nationalism of the wartime period. However, there is another facet of Japanese culture rooted in historical significance that evokes an alternate sense of pride within the population: martial arts. It is important not only to look at the physical aspects of these martial arts tradition, but the mental ones as well. Through the historical background of types of Japanese martial arts such as karate-do, jujutsu, aikido, and kenjutsu, the progress ion of the arts and a break from their origins, and eventually their place in Japanese sports and society today (karate, judo, kendo, and sumo), we will see how Japanese martial arts shifted back and forth between military and physical philosophy, and pacifist and Zen-like philosophy. To begin, it is generally difficult to pinpoint a consensus date for the commencement of a martial arts tradition in Japan because the learning of these arts was mostly done orally and through practice. It is by and large agreed upon that all of the Oriental martial arts have their roots in China, from the founder of Zen Buddhism, the Indian monk Bodhidarma (Daruma for the Japanese), in the 6th century. The principles of Zen Buddhism would later be reflected in most of the ph... ...sian Martial Arts 3, no. 4 (1994): 63-75. Official Website of the Olympic Movement. Athletes. http://www.olympic.org/athletes, (assessed April 3, 2012). Saotome Mitsugi. The Princples of Aikido. Boston: Shambhala, 1989. Skidmore, Max J. â€Å"Oriental Contributions to Western Popular Culture: The Martial Arts,† Journal of Popular Culture 25, no. 1 (1991): 129-148. Sumo. Japan Guide. http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2080.html, (assessed April 3, 2012). Suzuki Tatsuo, Karate-Do. New York: Perigee Books, 1984. Tan, Kevin S. Y. â€Å"Constructing a Martial Tradition: Rethinking a Popular History of Karaet-dou.† Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26, no. 2 (2004): 169-192, doi: 10.1177/0193723504264772. World Karate Federation. 20th World Karate Federation Championship Results. http://www.wkf. net/index.php? option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=58, (assessed April 3, 2012).

A Lesson in Life

A lesson In life I had not once learned valuable lessons in life. One of the life lessons that I learned is to be thankful and appreciate for those that around me. Maybe it is true that we do not appreciate what we had until we lost them and there are moments in life that when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them out from your dream and hug them. I did not experience these until my grandmother passed away. My grandmother was the one that watches me grow up and takes care of me when I was a little boy because my parents had to work and were away from home.She loved me so much that she would do anything for me but I did not realize this until she passed away. Since she was the only adult at home she had to do all the household chores and takes care of me at the same time. Everyday after school, she would wait for me at the doorway and asks me what I wanted to eat for lunch and she would cook the food for me immediately. Every times when I go out to play with my frie nds she would asks me where I was going and when I'm going to be home, so that she knows when to prepare the dinner for me.As I grow older, I started to hate the way that she waits for me everyday at the doorway and asks me where I was going. I told her that I am older now and that she doesn't have to treat me like a little girl anymore. However, she continued to act the same way as usual. One day when I came home from school and saw her standing there waiting for me, which I did not expected, I was very angry and had a big argument with her. I yelled at her and told her that I am older now and that I do not need her anymore. She did not say anything to me and I ran out the house. I came home very late that night and walk up to my room quietly.I was surprised to find a bow of rice and two plates of dishes on the table in my room. I did not eat the food and dump the whole thing into the trash can. The next morning I woke up early and went to school without saying anything to her. Two months later my parents decided to immigrate to Abha. My mother told me that my grandmother said that she did not wanted to go with us to Abha because she felt that she is too old and would just be an encumbrance for the family. I was depressed that I had to leave the place where I grew up but at the same time I was glad that my grandmother is not leaving with us. he told me to take care of myself when I get there and it is the first time that I saw her cried. I wanted to cry too when I saw the tears rolling down from her face, but I turn my head away and did not even say good bye to her. After arrived in Abha, I was occupied with learning English and did not call home to her even though I heard from my parents that she became really sick after we left. I remember that it was on a cold December day when I heard the news from my parents that my grandmother had passed away. After hearing the news, I can not help it and the tears continue to roll down from my face.In my heart, I felt that something that is always there is suddenly gone and I can not stop crying. Four years had passed since my grandmother passed away. Every time when I look at her pictures, the tears just begin to roll down from my face. I felt very regret for never apologize to her for the argument that we had and all the strong words that I had said to her. I felt very regret for never thank her for all the things that she had done for me. If, I had another chance, I would tell her that â€Å"I love you grandma† by Abdulkhaleq Hassan Ali

Annotated Bibliography On The Cloud Storage - 1404 Words

1.1 Cloud storage is a type of information stockpiling where the computerized information is put away in consistent pools, the physical stockpiling traverse different servers (and frequently areas), and the physical environment is regularly claimed and taken care of by a facilitating association. These distributed storage suppliers are responsible for keeping the information accessible and available, and the physical environment ensured and running.Considering the shared property of the cloud information, attribute-based encryption (ABE) is viewed as a standout amongst the most reasonable encryption plans for distributed storage. There are various ABE plans that have been proposed.This idea originates from a unique sort of encryption plan†¦show more content†¦The point picking this attribute-based encryption is that as more responsive, information is shared and put away by outsider locales on the Internet, there will be a need to scramble information put away at these destin ations. One disservice of scrambling information is that it can be specifically shared just at a coarse-grained level (i.e., giving another gathering your private key). To beat this impediment we utilized another cryptosystem for fine-grained sharing of encoded information that we call Key Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE). In this cryptosystem, cipher text are marked with sets of attributes and private keys are connected with get to structures that control which cipher text by this the client can without much of a stretch ready to decode the information which was scrambled. The materialness of this development is to share the review log data and communicate encryption furthermore underpins designation of private keys which incorporates the Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption. These Encryption plans guaranteeing that distributed storage specialist co-ops or trusted outsiders taking care of key administration are trusted and can t be hacked. 1.2 Previous Work on ABE Amit Sahai and Brent Waters first introduced the concept of ABE in which data owners can embed how they want to share data in terms of encryption. That is, only those who match the owner’s conditions canShow MoreRelatedA Research On Environmental Management And Conservation1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe following annotated bibliography covers a breath of topics under the major topic theme Environmental Management and Conservation. It was created as a starting point for building my knowledge of GIS tools used in environmental management and conservation for my concept map. The authors present an exploratory study using purposive testing among four different groups (scientist, non-scientist, agency manager and social scientist) included in the Coastal Landscape Analysis Modelling Study (CLAMS)Read MoreAn Examination On Criteria Of Enterprise System Security3105 Words   |  13 Pageshave admittance to one at home. LITERATURE REVIEW: Writing literature is set up by executing the rules depicted by Bell and Smith (2009) for consideration in this Annotated Bibliography. Relevance: The relevance evaluation surveys whether the writing addresses the examination addresses and is suitable for this Annotated Bibliography. Currency: Once the writing is regarded to be pertinent, the date of production is considered. This study is constrained to works distributed somewhere around 2007 andRead MoreEssay Elemica7043 Words   |  29 PagesRequirements may be different and so might the business processes. Elemica would benefit greatly by obtaining expert advice about these markets to understand the behaviors of its clients. Due to the changes in the facilitating infrastructure (outsourcing and cloud computing) and additional services such as mobile computing, Elemica will also need to take precautions against new business and security risks associated with EC and B2B. A detailed project plan, implementation plan and financial plan are requiredRead MoreMastering Graduate Studies 1e32499 Words   |  130 Pagesbe built in faithfulness in study, financial responsibility, and the development of professional and personal ethics. Chapter Review Here are a few things to remember as you continue on: 1.  Your purpose is found in â€Å"being† over â€Å"doing.† Never cloud life with mere tasks but with purpose. These two complement each other and need to be kept in balance. 2.  You will only be as successful as the goals you establish and pursue. This includes moral, spiritual, personal, and professional goals. 3. Read MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 PagesNew York have been contacted via email and by attempted phone contact. At this moment there has been one returned email from the EWGA( Executive Women s Golf Association). They have stated it is possible to advertise on their website which is annotated in the New York folder labeled EWGA Sponsor Opportunities and in the Appendix Email 1 Magazines In the folder Labeled New York there is another folder called PDF US Advertising files. These files contain all the information the magazinesRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesrefrigerating blood and vaccines where no power grids exist. Are you ready? Emerson.com The Emerson logo is a trademark and a service mark of Emerson Electric Co.  © 2007 Emerson Electric Co. Network Power†¢Process Management†¢Climate Technologies†¢Storage Solutions†¢Industrial Automation†¢Motor Technologies†¢Appliance Solutions†¢Professional Tools FROM THE EDITOR What the Boss Wants from You L AST AUTUMN I was invited to Thomas A. Stewart 14 Harvard Business Review | April 2007 Read MoreThe Essentials of Project Management65719 Words   |  263 Pagesmodifications 12 Managing progress Project progressingas a closed loop control system Progress monitoring and schedule updating - When the news is bad - Corrective measures - Progress meetings - Project progress reports - Project closure 225 Select bibliography Index List of figures The essential processesof project management The process of project definition Part of a project definition checklist A functional matrix for a single project i a n manufacturingcompany Matrix organization for several